Commercial production and sanitary problems in ducks

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The intensive production of ducks is a very popular activity and developed in most countries of Southeast Asia and China. In addition, several European Union countries such as France, Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom are important producers. The United States has quite specialized industrial systems for the industrial production of duck meat that guarantees local market demands. In Latin America there is a significant production in Peru, Argentina, Brazil and Mexico.

The commercial duck in general is a type of bird that is very resistant to adverse weather and handling conditions.

Additionally, ducks can have very satisfactory yields even when the quality of the food is not the best

Figure 1. Commercial duck farm in Pennsylvania, USA.

• DUCK MEAT

Duck meat is a type of red meat with high iron content and protein levels similar to those of chicken and turkey meat and with a distinctive flavor. One of the reasons is related to the fact that the final preparation of meat is not as simple as the preparation of chicken or turkey.

Figure 3. Duck magret

• PEKING DUCK

The Peking duck is the breed of ducks that produce meat most commonly used worldwide. Over the years, this breed has been genetically selected to achieve high yields with excellent food conversions.

Peking ducks are one of the most popular breeds for their versatility and adaptability to adverse conditions

 

The average marketing age is at seven weeks. These ducks produce large amounts of breast meat and their plumage is white and of excellent quality.

Other popular breeds of meat include Aylesbury and Rouen ducks.

The final products of duck meat that are most commonly sold in the mentioned countries include complete ducks with legs and head with or without viscera, duck breasts, tongues, selected wings, legs, gizzards, necks and foie gras, among others, this last from duck and/or goose livers.

Figure 4. Foie gras

• DUCK EGGS

The consumption of duck eggs in the West in general is not considered an important segment in commercial poultry farming. However, breeds such as Kaki Campbell and Indian Runner Ducks can produce more than 300 eggs per bird per year and in some countries in Asia they constitute an important segment of duck poultry farming.

There may be color variations in the eggs according to the breed. Indian Runner Ducks can produce eggs with a characteristic light blue coloration in the shell.

Figure 5. Indian Runner duck eggs

• FEATHERS AND DOWN

Feathers and down, on the other hand, have a much higher commercial value than similar products from other poultry species.

A duck processing plant always has special washers and dryers for industrial processing of feathers and down.

Toxins

Commercial ducks are very susceptible to toxins. Cases of high mortality due to botulinum toxin, lead or excess medication with certain antibiotics, especially sulfa-containing antibiotics, are frequently reported. Aflatoxins, rodenticides and insecticides such as parathion and diazinone are highly toxic to ducks.

Aspergillosis

Baby ducks are very susceptible to aspergillosis.

The pathogenesis, symptoms and disease control are very similar to what happens in broilers.

Excellent disinfection at the level of incubators and hatchers is required as an effective strategy in duck production.

Locomotive problems

Tibial dyschondroplasia and bacterial infections at the level of the hock joint, infectious tenosynovitis and arthritis are the most frequent pathologies of the locomotor system. It is common that excess weight in certain birds is the most important underlying factor for the appearance of conditions in the legs.

Duck virus enteritis

Also known as “duck plague” or “Peste du canard” is a condition caused by a Herpes virus; it is highly contagious and mortal; it affects ducks of more than five weeks mainly. Susceptible birds develop symptoms of severe diarrhea sometimes with blood.

Common findings at necropsies are mainly hemorrhagic plaques in the esophagus and intestine.

Like duck virus hepatitis, the immunization of breeding ducks with an attenuated active vaccine induces adequate passive protection in the offspring. Eventually it is also necessary to vaccinate commercial birds.

Duck virus hepatitis

It is a highly contagious viral disease that affects young ducks mainly between 1 and 28 days. The younger the birds are, the more susceptible they are to the disease. It is very rare that it occurs in birds older than 30 days. Dissemination in the flock is very fast.

Affected birds generally develop spasmodic contractions and die frequently with the neck and spine dorsally arched (backward).

The liver is enlarged and frequently bleeds. The virus can be isolated from blood, feces and intestinal mucosa.

Disease prevention is quite successful by vaccinating the breeders with an attenuated active (live) viral vaccine that induces protective maternal antibodies to the progeny.

Avian influenza

Commercial ducks are generally resistant to avian influenza; however, type A H5N1 and H7N1 viruses can cause high mortality in ducks.

Riemerella anatipestifer

It is a bacterial infection very similar to the infection by Pasteurella sp.

It is lethal in ducks of all ages and usually causes acute mortality and morbidity in susceptible flocks.

The combination of live vaccines and autogenous bacterins in breeders and commercial birds has been one of the most effective strategies to prevent and control this disease.

Colibacillosis

It is very common to find cases of mixed infections of R. anatipestifer and E. coli

Septicemic lesions are very similar to what is observed in chickens and are often very important for the quality of baby ducks, causing pericarditis, perihepatitis, aerosaculitis in older ducks and peritonitis in breeding females.

The use of Sulfadimethoxine – ormetoprim (0.04-0.08%) in the food usually yields beneficial results in susceptible flocks